The surging data generation capabilities of modern sensors and networked systems and the vastly increased data processing power of computers and storage media have led to the accumulation of enormous volumes of disparate data.

Historically, medicine has seen many applications of mathematics and statistics, with examples including the validation of the effectiveness of new drugs, estimation of survival rates for patients undergoing treatments, and medical imaging (CT scans and MRIs).

Materials science is about the discovery, design and development of new materials in areas such as nanotechnology, biomedicine, metallurgy, forensic science, quantum computing, and development of more efficient energy resources.

There are many challenges, both practical and theoretical, in the emerging and exciting areas of quantum information and computing, which seek to make effective use of the information embedded in the state of a quantum system, and promise to solve previously intractable computational problems and revolutionize simulation.

Uncertainty is ubiquitous in the modern world. This raises profound challenges in any effort to model massively complex phenomena.